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          福建自考00015英語(yǔ)(二)語(yǔ)法知識點(diǎn)押題資料

          2021-05-27 13:37:40   來(lái)源:福建自考網(wǎng)    點(diǎn)擊:

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            《英語(yǔ)(二)》

            考試-知識點(diǎn)押題資料

            (★機密)

            英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

            1.名詞

            1.1 名詞復數的規則變化

            1.2 其他名詞復數的規則變化

            1.3 名詞復數的不規則變化

            1.4 不可數名詞量的表示

            1.5 定語(yǔ)名詞的復數

            1.6 不同國家的人的單復數

            1.7 名詞的格

            2.冠詞和數詞

            2.1 不定冠詞的用法

            2.2 定冠詞的用法

            2.3 零冠詞的用法

            2.4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構

            2.5 冠詞位置

            2.6 數詞

            3.代詞

            3.1 人稱(chēng)代詞的用法

            3.2 人稱(chēng)代詞之主、賓格的替換

            3.3 代詞的指代問(wèn)題

            3.4 并列人稱(chēng)代詞的排列順序

            3.5 物主代詞

            3.6 雙重所有格

            3.7 反身代詞

            3.8 相互代詞

            3.9 指示代詞

            3.10 疑問(wèn)代詞

            3.11 關(guān)系代詞

            3.12every

            , no, all,

            both, neither, nor

            3.13none,

            few, some,

            any, one, ones

            3.14 代詞比較辯異 one,that 和 it

            3.15one/another/the other

            3.16“the”的妙用

            3.17anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

            3.18both,

            either, neither, all, any, none

            3.19many,

            much

            3.20few, little, a few, a little

            4.形容詞和副詞

            4.1 形容詞及其用法

            4.2 以-ly 結尾的形容詞

            4.3 用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體

            4.4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序

            4.5 副詞及其基本用法

            4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級

            4.8as + 形容詞或副詞原級

            + as

            4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 +

            than

            4.10 可修飾比較級的詞

            4.11many,old 和 far

            4.12the + 最高級 + 比較范圍

            4.13 和 more 有關(guān)的詞組

            5.動(dòng)詞

            5.1 系動(dòng)詞

            5.2 什么是助動(dòng)詞

            5.3 助動(dòng)詞 be 的用法

            5.4 助動(dòng)詞 have 的用法

            5.5 助動(dòng)詞 do 的用法

            5.6 助動(dòng)詞 shall 和 will 的用法

            5.7 助動(dòng)詞 should 和 would 的用法

            5.8 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

            5.9 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

            6.動(dòng)名詞

            6.1 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)

            6.2Worth 的用法

            7 動(dòng)詞不定式

            7.1 不定式作賓語(yǔ)

            7.2 不定式作補語(yǔ)

            7.3 不定式主語(yǔ)

            7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

            7.5 不定式作表語(yǔ)

            7.6 不定式作定語(yǔ)

            7.7 不定式作狀語(yǔ)

            7.8 用作介詞的 to

            7.9 省 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式

            7.10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

            7.11 不定式的特殊句型 too…to…

            7.12 不定式的特殊句型 so as to

            7.13 不定式的特殊句型 Why not

            7.147 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

            7.15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式

            8.特殊詞精講

            8.1stop doing/to do

            8.2forget doing/to do

            8.3remember doing/to do

            8.4regret doing/to do

            8.5cease doing/to do

            8.6try doing/to do

            8.7go on doing/to do8.8be

            afraid doing/to do

            8.9be

            interested doing/to

            do

            8.10mean to doing/to do

            8.11begin(start) doing/to

            do

            8.12 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do

            9.分詞

            9.1 分詞作定語(yǔ)

            9.2 分詞作狀語(yǔ)

            9.3 連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))

            9.4 分詞作補語(yǔ)

            9.5 分詞作表語(yǔ)

            9.6 分詞作插入語(yǔ)

            9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)

            9.8 分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

            10.獨立主格

            10.1 獨立主格

            10.2With 的復合結構

            11.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

            11.1 一般現在時(shí)的用法

            11.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

            11.3used to / be used to

            11.4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

            11.5be

            going to / will

            11.6be

            to 和 be going to

            11.7 一般現在時(shí)表將來(lái)

            11.8 用現在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)

            11.9 現在完成時(shí)

            11.10 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現在完成時(shí)

            11.11 用于現在完成時(shí)的句型

            11.12 比較 since 和 for

            11.13since 的四種用法

            11.14 延續動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞

            11.15 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

            11.16 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

            11.17 將來(lái)完成時(shí)

            11.18 現在進(jìn)行時(shí)

            11.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞

            11.20 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

            11.21 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

            11.22 一般現在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

            11.23 一般現在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)

            11.24 一般現在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

            11.25 一般現在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

            11.26 一般現在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)11.27 現在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

            11.28 時(shí)態(tài)一致

            1.29 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            12.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

            12.1Let 的用法

            12.2 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

            12.3 表示"據說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組

            12.4 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況

            12.5 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

            12.6 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主動(dòng)意義

            12.7need/want/require/worth

            13.句子的種類(lèi)

            13.1 句子的種類(lèi)

            13.2 感嘆句結構

            13.3 強調句結構

            13.4 用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強調

            13.5 反意疑問(wèn)句

            14.倒裝

            14.1 倒裝句之全部倒裝

            14.2 倒裝句之部分倒裝

            14.3 以否定詞開(kāi)頭作部分倒裝

            14.4so, neither, nor 作部分倒裝

            14.5only 在句首要倒裝的情況

            14.6as, though 引導的倒裝句

            14.7 其他部分倒裝

            15.主謂一致

            15.1 并列結構作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用復數

            15.2 主謂一致中的靠近原則

            15.3 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致

            15.4 謂語(yǔ)需用單數

            15.5 指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復數

            15.6 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致

            16.虛擬語(yǔ)氣

            16.1 真是條件句

            16.2 非真實(shí)條件句

            16.3 混合條件句

            16.4 虛擬條件句的倒裝

            16.5 特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞:should

            16.6wish 的用法

            16.7 比較 if only 與 only if

            16.8It is (high) time that

            16.9need "不必做"和"本不該做"

            17.名詞性從句

            17.1 引導名詞性從句的連接詞17.2 名詞性 that-從句

            17.3 名詞性 wh-從句

            17.4if, whether 引導的名詞從句

            17.5 否定轉移

            18.定語(yǔ)從句

            18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語(yǔ)從句

            18.2 關(guān)系副詞引導的定語(yǔ)從句

            18.3 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

            18.4 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

            18.5 介詞+關(guān)系詞

            18.6as, which 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

            18.7 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一

            18.8what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever

            18.9 關(guān)系代詞 that 的用法

            19.狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.1 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.2 方式狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.3 原因狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.4 目的狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.5 結果狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.6 條件狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.7 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

            19.8 比較 while, when, as

            19.9 比較 until 和 till

            19.10 表示"一…就…"的結構

            20.連詞

            20.1 并列連詞與并列結構

            20.2 比較 and 和 or

            20.3 表示選擇的并列結構

            20.4 表示轉折或對比

            20.5 表原因關(guān)系

            20.6 比較 so 和 such

            21.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

            21.1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征

            21.2 比較 can 和 be able to

            21.3 比較 may 和 might

            21.4 比較 have

            to 和 must

            21.5 比較 have

            to 和 must

            21.6must 表示推測

            21.7 表示推測的用法

            21.8 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have

            +過(guò)去分詞

            21.9should 和 ought

            to

            21.10had better 表示"最好"

            21.11would rather 表示"寧愿"21.12will 和 would

            21.13 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答方式

            21.14 帶 to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

            21.15 比較 need 和 dare

            1.名詞

            名詞可以分為專(zhuān)有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),專(zhuān)有名詞是某個(gè)(些)

            人,地方,機構等專(zhuān)有的名稱(chēng),如 Beijing,China 等。普通名詞是一類(lèi)人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名

            詞,如:book,sadness 等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類(lèi):

            1)個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類(lèi)人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:gun。

            2)集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family。

            3)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air。

            4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

            個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數目來(lái)計算,稱(chēng)為可數名詞(Countable Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般 無(wú)法用數目計算,稱(chēng)為不可數名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。歸納一下,名詞的分類(lèi)可以下圖表示:

            

           

            1.1 名詞復數的規則變化

            

           

            1.2 其他名詞復數的規則變化

            1) 以 y 結尾的專(zhuān)有名詞,或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時(shí),直接加 s 變復數:

            如:

            two Marys

            the Henrys

            monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

            比較:

            層樓:storey ---storeys

            story---stories

            2) 以 o 結尾的名詞,變復數時(shí):

            a. 加 s,如: photo---photos

            piano---pianosradio---radios

            zoo---zoos;

            b.

            加 es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

            c.

            均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes

            3) 以 f 或 fe 結尾的名詞變復數時(shí):

            a.

            加 s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs

            safe---safes

            gulf---gulfs;

            b.

            去 f,fe 加 ves,如:half---halves

            knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

            wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

            c. 均可,如: handkerchief:

            handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

            1.3 名詞復數的不規則變化

            1)child---children

            foot---feet

            tooth---teeth

            mouse---mice

            man---men

            woman---women

            注意:與 man 和 woman 構成的合成詞,其復數形式也是 -men 和-women。

            如:an Englishman,

            two Englishmen. 但 German 不是合成詞,故復數形式為 Germans;Bowman

            是姓,其復數是 the Bowmans。

            2)單復同形 如:

            deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese

            li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin

            但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數形式。如:

            a dollar, two dollars;

            a meter, two meters

            3)集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實(shí)為復數。

            如: people police

            cattle 等本身就是復數,不能說(shuō) a people,a police,a cattle,但可以

            說(shuō)

            a person,a policeman,a

            head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,

            the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱(chēng)時(shí),作復數用。

            如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。

            4)以 s 結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如:

            a.

            maths,politics,physics 等學(xué)科名詞,為不可數名詞,是單數。

            b.

            news 是不可數名詞。

            c.

            the United States,the United Nations 應視為單數。

            The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是 1945 年組建起來(lái)的。

            d. 以復數形式出現的書(shū)名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數。

            "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.

            <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。

            5) 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡) trousers,

            clothes

            若表達具體數目,要借助數量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套);

            a pair of glasses; two pairs of

            trousers6) 另外還有一些名詞,其復數形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:goods 貨物,waters 水域,fishes

            (各種)魚(yú)

            1.4 不可數名詞量的表示

            1)物質(zhì)名詞

            a.

            當物質(zhì)名詞轉化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。

            比較: Cake

            is a kind of food.

            蛋糕是一種食物。

            (不可數)

            These

            cakes are sweet.

            這些蛋糕很好吃。

            (可數)

            b.

            當物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類(lèi)時(shí),名詞可數。

            This factory produces steel. (不可數)

            We need various steels. (可數)

            c. 當物質(zhì)名詞表示份數時(shí),可數。

            Our country is famous for tea.

            我國因茶葉而聞名。

            Two teas, please.

            請來(lái)兩杯茶。

            2) 抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數。

            four freedoms 四大自由

            the four modernizations 四個(gè)現代化

            物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。

            如:

            a

            glass

            of

            water 一杯水

            a

            piece

            of

            advice 一條建議

            1.5 定語(yǔ)名詞的復數

            名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數,但也有以下例外。

            1)

            用復數作定語(yǔ)。

            如:sports meeting 運動(dòng)會(huì )

            students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室

            talks table

            談判桌

            the foreign

            languages department 外語(yǔ)系

            2)

            man, woman, gentleman 等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。

            如:men workers

            women teachers

            gentlemen officials

            3)

            有些原有 s 結尾的名詞,作定語(yǔ)時(shí),s 保留。

            如:goods train (貨車(chē))

            arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)

            customs papers 海關(guān)文件

            clothes brush 衣刷

            4)

            數詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數形式。

            如:two-dozen eggs 兩打/(二十四個(gè)雞蛋)a ten-mile walk 十里路

            two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù)

            a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計劃

            個(gè)別的有用復數作定語(yǔ)的,如: a

            seven-years child

            1.6 不同國家的人的單復數

            

           

            1.7 名詞的格

            在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加"'s"來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱(chēng)為該名詞的所有格,如:a

            teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下:

            1)單數名詞詞尾加"'s",復數名詞詞尾沒(méi)有 s,也要加"'s",如 the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包,men's room

            男廁所。

            2) 若名詞已有復數詞尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。

            3) 凡不能加"'s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,如:the title of the song

            歌的名字。

            4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞,如:the

            barber's 理發(fā)店。

            5) 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個(gè)'s,則表示'共有'。

            如:John's and Mary's room(兩間)

            John and Mary's room(一間)

            6) 復合名詞或短語(yǔ),'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。

            如:a month or two's absence

            2.冠詞和數詞

            2.1 不定冠詞的用法

            冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒(méi)有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語(yǔ)中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。

            不定冠詞 a (an)與數詞 one 同源,是"一個(gè)"的意思。a 用于輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而 an 則用

            于元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。1)

            表示"一個(gè)",意為 one;指某人或某物,意為 a certain。

            A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

            2) 代表一類(lèi)人或物。

            A knife is a tool for cutting with.

            Mr. Smith is an engineer.

            3) 詞組或成語(yǔ)。

            a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry

            / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an

            eye on / all of a sudden

            2.2 定冠詞的用法

            定冠詞 the 與指示代詞 this,that 同源,有"那(這)個(gè)"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個(gè)名詞連用,來(lái)

            表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。

            1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:

            Take the medicine.

            把藥吃了。

            2)上文提到過(guò)的人或事:

            He bought a house.

            I've been

            to the house.

            他買(mǎi)了幢房子。我去過(guò)那幢房子。

            3)指世上獨一物二的事物:

            the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth

            4)單數名詞連用表示一類(lèi)事物,如:the dollar 美元;

            the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類(lèi)人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

            5)用在序數詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞 only, very, same 等前面:

            Where do you live? I live on the second floor.

            你住在哪?我住在二層。

            That's the very thing I've been looking for.

            那正是我要找的東西。

            6)與復數名詞連用,指整個(gè)群體:

            They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)

            They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師)

            7)表示所有,相當于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:

            She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

            8)用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱(chēng)、機關(guān)團體、階級、等專(zhuān)有名詞前:

            the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國

            the United States 美國

            9)用在表示樂(lè )器的名詞之前:

            She plays the piano. 她會(huì )彈鋼琴。

            10) 用在姓氏的復數名詞之前,表示一家人:

            the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)

            11) 用在慣用語(yǔ)中:

            in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow; the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

            2.3 零冠詞的用法

            1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;

            2)泛指的復數名詞,表示一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí),可不用定冠詞;

            They are teachers. 他們是教師。

            3)抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞;

            Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。

            4)物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞,當表示特定的意思時(shí),需要加定冠詞;

            Man cannot live without water. 人離開(kāi)水就無(wú)法生存。

            5)在季節、月份、節日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;

            We go to school from Monday to Friday.

            我們從星期一到星期五都上課。

            6)在稱(chēng)呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;

            The guards took the American to General Lee.

            士兵們把這個(gè)美國人送到李將軍那里。

            7)在三餐、球類(lèi)運動(dòng)和娛樂(lè )運動(dòng)的名稱(chēng)前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast,play chess

            8)當兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并用時(shí),常省去冠詞;

            I can't write without pen or pencil.

            沒(méi)有鋼筆和鉛筆,我就寫(xiě)不了字。

            9)當 by 與火車(chē)等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時(shí),中間無(wú)冠詞;by bus,by train;

            10)有些個(gè)體名詞不用冠詞;如:

            school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等個(gè)

            體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義;

            go to hospital 去醫院看病

            go to the hospital 去醫院

            (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

            11)不用冠詞的序數詞;

            a. 序數詞前有物主代詞

            b. 序數詞作副詞

            He came first in the race.

            c. 在固定詞組中

            at (the) first,first of all,

            from first to last

            2.4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構

            1) 兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個(gè)不同東西。

            He raises a black and a white cat.

            他養了一只黑貓和一只白貓。

            The black and the white cats are hers.

            這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。

            2) 如后一個(gè)形容詞無(wú)冠詞,則指一物。

            He raises a black and white cat.

            他養了一只花貓。

            2.5 冠詞位置

            1) 不定冠詞位置

            不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語(yǔ)前。注意:

            a. 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half,

            I have never seen such an animal.

            Many a man is fit for the job.

            b. 當名詞前的形容詞被副詞 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修飾時(shí),不定冠詞應放在形容詞之 后:

            It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

            So short a time.

            Too long a distance.

            c. quite,rather 與單數名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。

            但當 rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot

            d. 在 as,though 引導的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,當標語(yǔ)為形容詞修飾的名詞時(shí),不定冠詞放形容詞后:

            Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見(jiàn)到蛇還是發(fā)抖。

            當名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時(shí),不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。

            2) 定冠詞位置

            定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語(yǔ)前,但放在 all, both,double,half,twice,three times 等詞之后,名詞之前。

            All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。

            2.6 數詞

            表示數目多少或順序多少的詞叫數詞,數詞分為基數詞和序數詞。表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞;表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。

            一、基數詞

            1)基數詞寫(xiě)法和讀法: 345 three hundred and forty-five;

            2)基數詞一般是單數形式,但下列情況,常用復數:

            a. 與 of 短語(yǔ)連用,表示概數,不能與具體數目連 用,如 scores of people 指許多人;

            b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組里;

            如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他們三三兩兩的到達了。

            c. 表示"幾十歲";

            d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +數詞復數;

            e. 在乘法運算的一種表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15

            Three fives is (are) fifteen.

            二、序數詞

            序數詞的縮寫(xiě)形式: first---1st second---2nd

            thirty-first---31st

            三、 數詞的用法

            1)倍數表示法

            a. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(或分數)+

            as + adj. + as

            I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

            b. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(分數)+ the

            size (amount,length…) of…

            The earth is 49 times the size

            of the moon. 地球是月球的 49 倍。

            c. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(分數)+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than…

            The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

            今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加 8%。

            d. 還可以用 by+倍數,表示增加多少倍

            The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

            今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了 4 倍。2)分數表示法

            構成:基數詞代表分子,序數詞代表分母。分子大于 1 時(shí),分子的序數詞用單數,分母序數詞用復數:

            1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

            3.代詞

            代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類(lèi)。大多數代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語(yǔ)中的代詞,按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為:人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。

            一、人稱(chēng)代詞是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、

            "我們"、"你們"、"他們"的詞。人稱(chēng)代詞有人稱(chēng)、數和格的變化,見(jiàn)下表:

            

           

            二、 物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代 詞二種,其人物和數的變化見(jiàn)下表。

            

           

            如:

            I like his car.

            我喜歡他的小汽車(chē)。

            Our school is here,and theirs is there.

            我們的學(xué)校在這兒,他們的在那兒。

            三、 指示代詞表示"那個(gè)"、"這個(gè)"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有 this,that,these, those 等。

            如: That is a good idea.

            那是個(gè)好主意。

            四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我們自己"、"你們自己"和"他們自己"等的代詞,叫做自身代詞,也稱(chēng)為"反身代詞"。

            如: She was talking to herself.

            她自言自語(yǔ)。

            五、 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞,有 each other 和 one another 兩組,但在運用中,這兩組詞

            沒(méi)什么區別。

            如: They love each other.

            他們彼此相愛(ài)。

            六、 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有 a11,both,each,every

            等,以及含有 some-,any-,no-等的合成代詞,如 anybody, something,no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),

            但 none 和由 some,any,no 等構成的復合不定代詞只能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);every 和 no 只能作定語(yǔ)。如:

            --- Do you have a car?

            --你有一輛小汽車(chē)嗎?

            --- Yes,I have one.

            --是的,我有一輛。

            --- I don't know any of them.

            他們,我一個(gè)也不認識。

            七、 疑問(wèn)代詞有 who,whom,whose,what 和 which 等。在句子中用來(lái)構成特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞都可用作連接代詞,引導名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句)

            如:Tell me who he is.

            告訴我他是誰(shuí)。

            八、 關(guān)系代詞有 who,whom,whose,that,which,as 等,可用作引導從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們在定

            語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等;另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞(通稱(chēng)為先行詞)。

            如: He is the man whom you have been looking for.

            他就是你要找的那個(gè)人。

            3.1 人稱(chēng)代詞的用法

            1)人稱(chēng)代詞的主格在句子中作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ),例如:

            John waited a while but eventually he went home.

            約翰等了一會(huì )兒,最后他回家了。

            John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

            約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。

            說(shuō)明:在復合句中,如果主句和從句主語(yǔ)相同,代詞主語(yǔ)要用在從句中,名詞主語(yǔ)用在主句中,例如:

            When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

            約翰一到就直接去銀行了。

            2)人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ),但在口語(yǔ)中也能作主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ),第一人稱(chēng)在省略句中,還可以作主語(yǔ),例如:

            I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

            我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her 做賓語(yǔ),them 做介詞賓語(yǔ),her 做主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ))

            a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰(shuí)打碎了花瓶?

            b. -- Me.

            --我。(me 做主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ)= It's me.)說(shuō)明:在上面兩例句中,her 和 me 分別作主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ)?,F代英語(yǔ)中多用賓格,在正式文體中這里應為 she 和 I。

            3.2 人稱(chēng)代詞之主、賓格的替換

            1) 賓格代替主格

            a.在簡(jiǎn)短對話(huà)中,當人稱(chēng)代詞單獨使用或在 not 后,多用賓語(yǔ)。

            ---- I like English.

            --我喜歡英語(yǔ)。

            ---- Me too.

            --我也喜歡。

            ---- Have more

            wine?

            --再來(lái)點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?

            ---- Not me.

            --我可不要了。

            b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)保留,則主語(yǔ)只能用主 格。

            He is taller than I/me.

            He is taller than I am.

            2) 主格代替賓格

            a. 在介詞 but,except 后,有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。

            b. 在電話(huà)用語(yǔ)中常用主格。

            ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話(huà)。

            ---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。

            注意:在動(dòng)詞 be 或 to

            be 后的人稱(chēng)代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。

            I thought it was she. 我以為是她。 (主格----主格)

            I thought it to be her. (賓格----賓格)

            I was taken to be she. 我被當成了她。 (主格----主格)

            They took me to be her. 他們把我當成了她。 (賓格----賓格)

            3.3 代詞的指代問(wèn)題

            1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及

            whoever 和 person 在正式場(chǎng)合使用時(shí),可用 he, his, him 代替。

            Nobody came, did he? 誰(shuí)也沒(méi)來(lái),是嗎?

            2)動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用 it 或 they 代替,有時(shí)也用 he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。

            Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。

            3)指代車(chē)或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時(shí)常用 she。

            3.4 并列人稱(chēng)代詞的排列順序

            1) 單數人稱(chēng)代詞并列作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序為:

            第二人稱(chēng) -> 第三人稱(chēng) -> 第一人稱(chēng)

            you -> he/she; it -> I

            You, he and I should return on time.

            2) 復數人稱(chēng)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序為:

            第一人稱(chēng) -> 第二人稱(chēng) -> 第三人稱(chēng)

            we -> you -> They

            注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱(chēng)放在前面。

            a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時(shí),

            It was I and John that made her angry.

            是我和約翰惹她生氣了。

            b. 在長(cháng)輩對晚輩,長(cháng)官對下屬說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí),如長(cháng)官為第一人稱(chēng), 如:I and you try to finish it.

            c. 并列主語(yǔ)只有第一人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)時(shí),

            d. 當其他人稱(chēng)代詞或名詞被定語(yǔ)從句修飾時(shí)。

            3.5 物主代詞

            1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:

            John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

            約翰割破了手指,顯而易見(jiàn),他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯。

            物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your 等)和名詞性(mine, yours 等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。

            名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當于省略了中心名詞的 --'s 屬格結構,例如:

            Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.

            His cap 意為 The cap is his.

            2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

            a. 作主語(yǔ),例如:

            May I use your pen? Yours works better.

            我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎?

            你的比我的好用。

            b. 作賓語(yǔ),例如:

            I love my motherland as much as you love yours.

            我愛(ài)我的祖國就像你愛(ài)你的祖國一樣深。

            c. 作介詞賓語(yǔ),例如:

            Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

            你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說(shuō)的話(huà),而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。

            d. 作主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ),例如:

            The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。

            3.6 雙重所有格

            物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which 等詞一起前置,修飾一個(gè)名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。

            公式為:

            a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如:

            a friend of mine.

            each brother of his.

            3.7 反身代詞1)

            1)列表

            

           

            2)做賓語(yǔ)

            a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞

            absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

            We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心。

            Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)。

            b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞

            take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

            I could not dress (myself) up at that time.

            那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。

            注:有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。

            Please sit down. 請坐。

            3) 作表語(yǔ); 同位語(yǔ)

            be oneself: I am not myself today.

            我今天不舒服。

            The thing itself is not important.

            事情本身并不重要。

            4) 在不強調的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語(yǔ)用反身代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格均可。如:

            No one but myself (me) is hurt.

            注意:

            a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語(yǔ)。 (錯)

            Myself drove the car. (對)

            I myself drove the car. 我自己開(kāi)車(chē)。

            b. 但在 and, or, nor 連接的并列主語(yǔ)中,第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)可用反身代詞,特別是 myself 作主語(yǔ)。

            Charles and myself saw it.

            5)第二人稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ),要用反身代詞。

            You should be proud of yourself. 你應為自己感到驕傲。

            3.8 相互代詞

            1)相互代詞只有 each other 和 one another 兩個(gè)詞組。他們表示句中動(dòng)詞所敘述的動(dòng)作或感覺(jué)在涉及的各個(gè)對象之間是相互存在的,例如:

            It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.

            顯而易見(jiàn),不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。

            2) 相互代詞的句法功能:a. 作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ);

            People should love one another. 人們應當彼此相愛(ài)。

            b. 可作介詞賓語(yǔ);

            Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.

            吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。

            說(shuō)明:傳統語(yǔ)法認為,相互關(guān)系存在于兩個(gè)人或物之間用 each other, 存在于兩個(gè)以上人和物之間用

            one another?,F代英語(yǔ)中,兩組詞交替使用的實(shí)例也很多,例如:

            He put all the books beside each other.

            他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)。

            He put all the books beside one another.

            他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)。

            Usually these small groups were independent of each other.

            這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。

            c. 相互代詞可加-'s 構成所有格,例如:

            The students borrowed each other's notes.

            學(xué)生們互借筆記。

            3.9 指示代詞

            1) 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和復數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,

            例如:

            

           

            2) 指示代詞的句法功能;

            a. 作主語(yǔ)

            This is the way to do it.

            這事兒就該這樣做。

            b. 作賓語(yǔ)

            I like this better than that.

            我喜歡這個(gè)甚至那個(gè)。

            c. 作主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ)

            My point is this.

            我的觀(guān)點(diǎn)就是如此。

            d. 作介詞賓語(yǔ)

            I don't say no to that.

            我并未拒絕那個(gè)。There is no fear of that.

            那并不可怕。

            說(shuō)明 1:

            指示代詞在作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物,不能指人,例如:

            (對)That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that 作主語(yǔ),指人)

            (對)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個(gè)姑娘結婚。(this 作限定詞)

            (錯)He is going to marry this. (this 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人)

            (對)I bought this. 我買(mǎi)這個(gè)。(this 指物,可作賓語(yǔ))

            說(shuō)明 2:

            That 和 those 可作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞,但 this 和 these 不能,同時(shí),在作先行詞時(shí),只有 those

            可指人,試比較:

            (對) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。

            (對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those 指人)

            (錯) He admired that who danced well. (that 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人)

            (對) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those 指人)

            (對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those 指物)

            3.10 疑問(wèn)代詞

            1) 疑問(wèn)代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來(lái)構成疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞有下列幾個(gè):

            指人: who, whom, whose

            指物: what

            既可指人又可指物: which

            2) 疑問(wèn)代詞在句中應位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,沒(méi)有性和數的變化,除 who 之外也沒(méi)有格的變化。what,

            which, whose 還可作限定詞。試比較:

            疑問(wèn)代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?

            桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?

            What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?

            美國的領(lǐng)土擴張是朝哪個(gè)方向的?

            限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?

            桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?

            What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?

            哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?

            說(shuō)明 1:

            無(wú)論是做疑問(wèn)代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what 所指的范圍是無(wú)限的,而

            which 則指在一定的范圍內,例如:

            Which girls do you like best?

            你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘?

            What girls do you like best?

            你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?

            說(shuō)明 2:Whom 是 who 的賓格,在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,它作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ),在口語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可用 who 代替,但在介詞后只能用 whom, 例如:

            Who(m) did you meet on the street?

            你在街上遇到了誰(shuí)?(作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ))

            Who(m) are you taking the book to?

            你要把這書(shū)帶給誰(shuí)?(作介詞賓語(yǔ),置句首)

            To whom did you speak on the campus?

            你在校園里和誰(shuí)講話(huà)了?(作介詞賓語(yǔ),置介詞 后,不能用 who 取代。)

            說(shuō)明 3:

            疑問(wèn)代詞用于對介詞賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí),過(guò)去的文體中介詞和疑問(wèn)代詞通常一起放在句首,現代英語(yǔ)中,

            疑問(wèn)代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:

            For what do most people live and work?

            大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)

            What are you looking for?

            你在找什么?(現代英語(yǔ))

            說(shuō)明 4:

            疑問(wèn)代詞還可引導名詞性從句,例如:

            I can't make out what he is driving at.

            我不知道他用意何在。

            Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?

            你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰(shuí)的嗎?

            Much of what you say I agree with, but

            I cannot go all the way with you.

            你說(shuō)的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。

            3.11 關(guān)系代詞

            1) 關(guān)系代詞用來(lái)引導定語(yǔ)從句。它代表先行詞,同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話(huà)的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中 whom 既代表先行詞 the girl, 又在從句中作介詞 to 的賓語(yǔ)。)

            2) 關(guān)系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,that 可指人也

            可指物,見(jiàn)表:

            

           

            例如:

            This is the pencil whose point is broken. 這就是那個(gè)折了尖的鉛筆。 (whose 指物,在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ))

            He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來(lái)取他丟下的書(shū)。(which 指物,在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可以省略)

            3) 關(guān)系代詞 which 的先行詞可以是一個(gè)句子,例如:

            He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。

            說(shuō)明: 關(guān)系代詞 that 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略, 例如:

            I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ),現在大都忘了。

            He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他變化很大,已不是過(guò)去的他了。

            3.12every , no, all, both, neither, nor

            1)不定代詞有

            all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some,

            any , one, no 以及 some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody,

            anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

            2) 不定代詞的功能與用法

            a. 除 every 和 no 外不定代詞既可用作名詞,也可用作形容詞。every 和 no 在句中只能作定語(yǔ)。

            I have no idea about it.

            b. all 都,指三者以上。

            all 的主謂一致:all 的單復數由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復數決定。

            All goes well. 一切進(jìn)展得很好。

            all 通常不與可數名詞單數連用,如:不說(shuō) all the book,而說(shuō) the whole book。

            但 all 可與表時(shí)間的可數名詞單數連用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但習慣上不說(shuō) all hour,all century。

            all 還可以與一些特殊的單數名詞連用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way

            3) both 都,指兩者。

            a. both 與復數動(dòng)詞連用,但 both… and…可與單數名詞連用。

            b. both, all 都可作同位語(yǔ),其位置在行為動(dòng)詞前, be 動(dòng)詞之后。如果助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的實(shí)

            義動(dòng)詞省 去,則位于助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之前。

            Who can speak Japanese?

            We both (all) can.

            4) neither 兩者都不

            a. neither 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數。

            b. 作定語(yǔ)與單數名詞連用,但 neither… nor 用作并列連詞,可與復數名詞連用。其謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。

            c. 可用于下列句型,避免重復。

            She can't sing,neither (can) he.neither 與 nor

            d. 如前句是否定式從句,則主句用 neither,而不用 nor。

            If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。

            e. 如后連續有幾個(gè)否定句式,則用 nor,不用 neither。

            He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.

            3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones

            一、 none 無(wú)

            1) none 作主語(yǔ),多與 of 構成短語(yǔ)

            none of。 在答語(yǔ)中,none 可單獨使用。

            Are there any pictures on the wall? None.

            2) none 作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復數均可。但如做表語(yǔ),則其單復數與表語(yǔ)一致。

            It is none of your business.

            二、few 一些,少數

            few 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數,多用于肯定句。

            三、some 一些

            1) 可與復數名詞及不可數名詞連用。

            2) 當做"某一"解時(shí),也可與單數名詞連用。(= a certain)

            You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天,你會(huì )后悔這件事的。

            A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。

            注意:

            (1)在肯定疑問(wèn)句中用 some 代替 any。

            (2)some 用于其他句式中:

            a. 肯定疑問(wèn)句中:說(shuō)話(huà)人認為對方的答案會(huì )是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。

            Would you like 句式中,表委婉請求或建議,如:

            Would you like some coffee?

            b. 在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示確定的意義時(shí),如:

            If you need some help,let me know.

            c. some 位于主語(yǔ)部分,

            Some students haven't been there before.

            d. 當否定的是整體中的部分時(shí),some 可用于否定句。如:

            I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.

            這些年我沒(méi)有收到一些老朋友的信。

            四、any 一些

            1) any 多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。

            當句中含有任何的意思時(shí),any 可用于肯定句。

            Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說(shuō),你可任讀一本。

            五、one, ones 為復數形式

            ones 必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時(shí)無(wú)形容詞在前,則用 some, any,而不用 ones。

            Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.

            3.14 代詞比較辯異 one,that 和 it

            one 表示泛指,that 和 it 表示特指。that 與所指名詞為同類(lèi),但不是同一個(gè),而 it 與所指名詞為同一個(gè)。

            I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)

            我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買(mǎi)一頂。

            The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.

            (同類(lèi)但不同個(gè))

            你買(mǎi)的那頂帽子比我買(mǎi)的大。

            I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.

            ( 同一物)

            我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

            3.15one/another/the other

            one… the other

            只有兩個(gè)

            some… the others

            有三個(gè)以上

            one… another,another…

            some… others,others…

            others = other people/things

            the others = the rest 剩余的全部

            1) 泛指另一個(gè)用 another。

            2) 一定范圍內兩人(物),一個(gè)用 one,另一個(gè)用 the other。

            3) 一定范圍內三者,一個(gè)用 one,另一個(gè)用 one (another),第三個(gè)可用 the other,a third。

            4) 一定范圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用 the others。

            5) 泛指別的人或物時(shí),用 others 當在一定范圍內,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時(shí),也用 others。

            3.16“the”的妙用

            He is one of the students who help me.

            He is the one of the students who helps me.

            他是幫我的學(xué)生之一。

            第一句定語(yǔ)從句與 the students 一致。

            第二句定語(yǔ)從句與 the one 一致。

            3.17anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

            1.anyone 和 any one

            anyone 僅指人,any one 既可指人,也可指物。

            2.no one 和 none

            a) none 后跟 of 短語(yǔ),既可指人又可指物,而 no one 只單獨使用,只指人。

            b) none 作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單,復數均可,而 no one 作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是單數。

            None of you could lift it. 你們中沒(méi)有人可舉起它。

            ---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話(huà)給我嗎?

            ---- No one. --沒(méi)有。

            3.every 和 each

            1) every 強調全體的概念, each 強調個(gè)體概念。

            Every student in our school works hard. 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。

            Each student may have one book.. 每個(gè)學(xué)生都可有一本書(shū)。

            2) every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物(含三個(gè)),each 指兩個(gè)以上的人或物 (含兩個(gè))。

            3) every 只作形容詞,不可單獨使用。each 可作代詞或形容詞。

            Every student has to take one.

            Each boy has to take one.

            Each of the boys has to take one.

            4) every 不可以作狀語(yǔ),each 可作狀語(yǔ)。

            5) every 有反復重復的意思,如 every two weeks 等; each 沒(méi)有。

            6) every 與 not 連用,表示部分否定;

            each 和 not 連用表示全部否定。

            Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠實(shí)。

            Each man is not honest. 這兒每個(gè)人都不誠實(shí)。

            3.18both, either, neither, all, any, none

            這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在 be 動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前或第一助動(dòng)詞之后。

            1) both (兩者都),either(兩者中任何一個(gè)), neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物。

            Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都不聰明。

            2) both,either

            both 與復數連用,either 與單數連用。

            Both the boys are clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明。

            Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明。

            There are flowers on both sides of the street. (兩岸)

            There are flowers on either side of the street. (岸的兩邊)

            路邊長(cháng)滿(mǎn)了野花。

            3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個(gè)), none (都不)。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。

            All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。

            I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。

            I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。

            注意:all 與 none 用法一樣。跟單數名詞,用單數動(dòng)詞;跟復數名詞,用復數動(dòng)詞。

            All of the students are there. 所有的學(xué)生都在那。

            All (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。

            3.19many, much

            Many,much 都意為"許多", many + 可數名詞,much + 不可數名詞。

            How many people are there at the meeting?

            How much time has we left?

            Many of the workers were at the meeting.

            Much of the time was spent on learning.

            3.20few, little, a few,

            a little

            (a) few + 可數名詞, (a) little + 不可數名詞

            a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點(diǎn) few / little 為否定含義,沒(méi)有多少了。

            He has a few friends. 他有幾個(gè)朋友。

            He has few friends. 他幾乎沒(méi)有朋友。

            We still have a little time. 我們還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間。

            There is little time left.幾乎沒(méi)剩下什么時(shí)間了。

            固定搭配:

            only a few (=few)

            not a few (=many)

            quite a few (=many)

            many a (=many)

            Many books were sold.

            Many a book was sold.

            賣(mài)出了許多書(shū)。

            4.形容詞和副詞

            4.1 形容詞及其用法

            形容詞修飾名詞,說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類(lèi),其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

            1) 直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補語(yǔ)。例如:hot 熱的。

            2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),所以又稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類(lèi)形容詞沒(méi)有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。

            大多數以 a 開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類(lèi)。例如:afraid 害怕的。

            (錯) He is an ill man.

            (對) The man is ill.

            (錯) She is an afraid girl.(對) The girl is afraid.

            這類(lèi)詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

            3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing 為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),要放 在這些詞之后,例如: something nice

            4.2 以-ly 結尾的形容詞

            1)大部分形容詞加-ly 可構成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly, brotherly,仍為形容詞。

            改錯:

            (錯) She sang lovely.

            (錯) He spoke to me very friendly.

            (對) Her singing was lovely.

            (對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

            2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。

            daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early

            The Times is a daily paper.

            The Times is published daily.

            4.3 用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體

            1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich, the poor,the blind,the hungry

            The poor are losing hope.

            2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復數連用。

            the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.

            The English have wonderful sense of humor.

            4.4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序

            多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序為:

            限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(cháng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì),類(lèi)別--名詞

            a small round table

            a tall gray building

            a dirty old brown shirt

            a famous German medical school

            an expensive Japanese sports car

            典型例題:

            1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

            A. little two other

            B. two little other

            C. two other little

            D. little other two

            答案:C。由"限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(cháng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數

            詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有 C 符合答案。

            2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

            A. old Chinese stone

            B. Chinese old stone

            C. old stone Chinese

            D. Chinese stone

            old答案 A. 幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+ 國家+名詞。

            3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

            ---- It was great.

            We visited some friends,and spent

            the ___days at the seaside.

            A. few last sunny

            B. last few sunny

            C. last sunny few

            D. few sunny last

            答案:B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問(wèn)題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè) 形容詞的重要性差不多,音節少的形容詞在前,音節多的方在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表:

            限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(cháng)短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square

            新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞

            old + brown + wood + table

            4.5 副詞及其基本用法

            副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。

            一、副詞的位置:

            1) 在動(dòng)詞之前。

            2) 在 be 動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。

            3) 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。

            注意:

            a. 大多數方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(cháng),副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。

            We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

            b. 方式副詞 well,badly 糟、壞,hard 等只放在句尾。

            He speaks English well.

            二、副詞的排列順序:

            1) 時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。

            2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長(cháng)的在后,并用 and 或 but 等連詞連接。

            Please write slowly and carefully.

            3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。

            注意:副詞 very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。

            改錯:(錯) I very like English.

            (對) I like English very much.

            注意:副詞 enough 要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞 enough 放在名詞前后都可。

            I don't know him well enough.

            There is enough food for everyone to eat.

            There is food enough for everyone to eat.

              4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞

            1) close 與 closely

            close 意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地"He is sitting close to me.

            Watch him closely.

            2) late 與 lately

            late 意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"

            You have come too late.

            What have you been doing lately?

            3) deep 與 deeply

            deep 意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply 時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"

            He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

            Even father was deeply moved by the film.

            4) high 與 highly

            high 表示空間高度;highly 表示程度,相當于 much

            The plane was flying high.

            I think highly of your opinion.

            5) wide 與 widely

            wide 表示空間寬度;widely 意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"

            He opened the door wide.

            English is widely used in the world.

            6) free 與 freely

            free 的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無(wú)限制地"

            You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

            You may speak freely; say what you like.

            4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級

            大多數形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來(lái)表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。

            1) 規則變化

            單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est 來(lái)構成比較級和最高級。

            

           

            2) 不規則變化

            

           

            4.8as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as

            1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用 so… as。

            He cannot run so/as fast as you.

            2)當 as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。

            as +形容詞+ a +單數名詞

            as + many/much +名詞

            This is as good an example as the other is.

            I can carry as much paper as you can..

            3)用表示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),放在 as 的前面。

            This room is twice as big as that one.

            Your room is the same size as mine.

            4) 倍數+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數+ then + of

            This bridge is three times as long as that one.

            This bridge is three times the length of that one.

            Your room is twice as large as mine.

            Your room is twice the size of mine.

            4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than

            You are taller than I.

            They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

            注意:

            1)要避免重復使用比較級。

            (錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.

            (對) He is more clever than his brother.

            (對) He is clever than his brother.

            2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對象中。

            (錯) China is larger that any country in Asia.

            (對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

            3)要注意對應句型,遵循前后一致的原則。

            The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

            It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

            4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時(shí)候,前面才有可能有名詞。

            比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia?

            Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

            She is taller than her two sisters.

            She is the taller of the two sisters.

            4.10 可修飾比較級的詞

            1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等

            2)還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。

            3)以上詞(除 by far)外,必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。

            典型例題:

            1) ---- Are you feeling ____?

            ---- Yes,I'm fine now.

            A.any well

            B. any better

            C. quite good

            D. quite better

            答案:B.

            any 可修飾比較級,quite 修飾原級,well 的比較級為 better.

            2)The experiment was____ easier

            than we had expected.

            A. more

            B. much more

            C. much

            D. more much

            答案:C. much 可修飾比較級,因此 B,C 都說(shuō)得通,但 easier 本身已是比較級,不需 more,因此 C

            為正確答案。

            3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.

            A. the happiest time

            B. a more happier time

            C. much happiest time

            D. a much happier time

            答案:D。

            4.11many,old 和 far

            1) 如果后接名詞時(shí),

            much 、more +不可數名詞 ,

            many 、more +可數名詞復數

            2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest 和 elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(cháng)幼關(guān)系。

            My elder brother is an engineer.

            Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

            3) far 有兩種比較級,farther,further. 在英語(yǔ)中兩者都可指距離。

            在美語(yǔ)中,father 表示距離,further 表示進(jìn)一步。

            I have nothing further to say.

            4.12the + 最高級 + 比較范圍

            1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.

            形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級前可不用。

            形容詞 most 前面沒(méi)有 the,不表示最高級的含義,只表示"非常"。

            It is a most important problem.

            =It is a very important problem.

            注意: 使用最高級要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內。

            (錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.

            (對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

            2) 下列詞可修飾最高級,by far, far, much, mostly, almost

            This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.

            注意:

            a. very 可修飾最高級,但位置與 much 不同。

            This is the very best.

            This is much the best.

            b. 序數詞通常只修飾最高級。

            Africa is the second largest continent.

            3) 句型轉換:

            Mike is the most intelligent in his class.

            Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

            4) "否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級","否定詞語(yǔ)+ so… as"結構表示最高級含義。

            Nothing is so easy as this.

            =Nothing is easier than this.

            =This is the easiest thing.

            4.13 和 more 有關(guān)的詞組

            1) the more… the more…

            越……就越……The harder you

            work,the greater progress you'll make.

            2) more B than A

            與其說(shuō) A 不如說(shuō) B

            less A than B

            He is more lazy than slow at his work.

            = He is less slow than lazy at his work.

            3) no more… than… 與……一樣……,不比……多

            The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

            no less… than… 與……一樣……

            He is no less diligent than you.

            4) more than 不只是,非常

            She is more than kind to us all.

            典型例題

            1)The weather in China is different from____.

            A. in America

            B. one in America

            C. America

            D. that in America

            答案:D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家,C 不能選。A 沒(méi)有名詞,后句成分不全,排除。B 和 D 中,B 中的 one 常用來(lái)代替可數名詞,而 that 可車(chē)以代替不可數或抽象名詞,所以選 D。

            2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the

            year before.

            A. as twice many

            B. as many twice

            C. twice as many

            D. twice many as

            答案 C. 此句意為"這個(gè)廠(chǎng) 1988 能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。

            表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為 C。

            This ruler is three times as long as that one.

            5.動(dòng)詞

            1)表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。

            2)根據其在句中的功能,動(dòng)詞可分為四類(lèi),分別是:實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(Notional Verb)、系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)、

            助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb)。

            說(shuō)明:有些情況下,有些動(dòng)詞是兼類(lèi)詞,例如:

            We are having a meeting. 我們正在開(kāi)會(huì )。 (having 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)

            He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。 (has 是助動(dòng)詞。)

            3) 動(dòng)詞根據其后是否帶有賓語(yǔ),可分為兩類(lèi),分別是:及物動(dòng)詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動(dòng)詞

            (Intransitive Verb),縮寫(xiě)形式分別為 vt. 和 vi.。

            說(shuō)明:同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如:

            She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing 在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。)

            She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing 用作及物動(dòng)詞。)

            4) 根據是否受主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數的限制,可分兩類(lèi),分別是:限定動(dòng)詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動(dòng)詞

            (Non-finite Verb)例如:

            She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing 受主語(yǔ) she 的限制,故用第三人稱(chēng)單數形式 sings。)

            She wants to learn English well. 她想學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。(to learn 不受主語(yǔ) she 的限制,沒(méi)有詞形變化,是非限定動(dòng)詞。

            說(shuō)明:英語(yǔ)中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞,分別是:動(dòng)詞不定式(Infinitive)、動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。

            5) 根據動(dòng)詞的組成形式,可分為三類(lèi),分別是:?jiǎn)巫衷~(One-Word Verb)、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(Phrasal Verb)、 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(Verbal Phrase)例如:

            The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.

            英語(yǔ)里有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。(contains 是單字動(dòng)詞。)

            Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.

            學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì )查字典。(look up 是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。)

            The young ought to take care of the old.

            年輕人應照料老人。(take care of 是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。)

            6)動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài),分別是:原形(Original Form)、第三人稱(chēng)單數形式(Singular From in Third

            Personal)、過(guò)去式(Past Form)、過(guò)去分詞(Past Participle)、現在分詞(Present Participle)。

            5.1 系動(dòng)詞

            系動(dòng)詞亦稱(chēng)聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb),作為系動(dòng)詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語(yǔ),后邊必須跟表語(yǔ) (亦稱(chēng)補語(yǔ)),構成系表結構說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。

            說(shuō)明: 有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,該動(dòng)詞表達實(shí)義時(shí),有詞義,可單獨作謂語(yǔ),例如:

            He fell ill yesterday.

            他昨天病了。(fell 是系動(dòng)詞,后跟補足語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情況。)

            He fell off the ladder.

            他從梯子上摔下來(lái)。fell 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,單獨作謂語(yǔ)。

            1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞

            用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài),只有 be 一詞,例如:

            He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is 與補足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。)

            2)持續系動(dòng)詞

            用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

            He always kept silent at meeting.

            他開(kāi)會(huì )時(shí)總保持沉默。

            This matter rests a mystery.

            此事仍是一個(gè)謎。3)表像系動(dòng)詞

            用來(lái)表示"看起來(lái)像"這一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如:

            He looks tired. 他看起來(lái)很累。

            He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來(lái)很傷心。

            4)感官系動(dòng)詞

            感官系動(dòng)詞主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

            This kind of cloth feels very soft.

            這種布手感很軟。

            This flower smells very sweet.

            這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。

            5)變化系動(dòng)詞

            這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣,變化系動(dòng)詞主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

            例如:

            He became mad after that.

            自那之后,他瘋了。

            She grew rich within a short time.

            她沒(méi)多長(cháng)時(shí)間就富了。

            6)終止系動(dòng)詞

            表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作,主要有 prove, trun out, 表達"證實(shí)","變成"之意,例如:

            The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。

            The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。

            His plan turned out a success.

            他的計劃終于成功了。(turn out 表終止性結果)

            5.2 什么是助動(dòng)詞

            1)協(xié)助主要動(dòng)詞構成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱(chēng)作主要動(dòng)詞(Main Verb)。

            助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:

            He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。

            (doesn't 是助動(dòng)詞,無(wú)詞義;like 是主要動(dòng)詞,有詞義)

            2) 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要動(dòng)詞完成以下功用,可以用來(lái):

            a. 表示時(shí)態(tài),例如:

            He is singing. 他在唱歌。

            He has got married. 他已結婚。

            b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài),例如:

            He was sent to England.

            他被派往英國。

            c. 構成疑問(wèn)句,例如:

            Do you like college life?

            你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎?

            Did you study English before you came here?

            你來(lái)這兒之前學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)嗎?

            d. 與否定副詞 not 合用,構成否定句,例如:

            I don't like him.

            我不喜歡他。

            e. 加強語(yǔ)氣,例如:

            Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來(lái)參加晚會(huì )。

            He did know that.

            他的確知道那件事。

            3) 最常用的助動(dòng)詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

            5.3 助動(dòng)詞 be 的用法

            1) be +現在分詞,構成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),例如:

            They are having a meeting. 他們正在開(kāi)會(huì )。

            English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現在越來(lái)越重要。

            2) be + 過(guò)去分詞,構成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),例如:

            The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶(hù)是湯姆打碎的。

            English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。

            3) be + 動(dòng)詞不定式,可表示下列內容:

            a. 表示最近、未來(lái)的計劃或安排,例如:

            He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。

            We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。

            說(shuō)明: 這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達法。

            b. 表示命令,例如:

            You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。

            He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來(lái)辦公室。

            c. 征求意見(jiàn),例如:

            How am I to answer him?

            我該怎樣答復他?

            Who is to go there?

            誰(shuí)該去那兒呢?

            d. 表示相約、商定,例如:

            We are to meet at the school gate at seven

            tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨 7 點(diǎn)在校門(mén) 口集合。

            5.4 助動(dòng)詞 have 的用法

            1)have +過(guò)去分詞,構成完成時(shí)態(tài),例如:

            He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。

            By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.

            上月未為止,他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。

            2)have + been +現在分詞,構成完成進(jìn)行時(shí),例如:

            I have been studying English for ten years.

            我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ),已達十年之久。

            3)have+been

            +過(guò)去分詞,構成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),例如:

            English has been taught in China for many years.

            中國教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)多年。

            5.5 助動(dòng)詞 do 的用法

            1) 構成一般疑問(wèn)句,例如:

            Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過(guò)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)測試嗎?

            Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過(guò)德語(yǔ)嗎?

            2) do + not 構成否定句,例如:

            I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。

            He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習。

            In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過(guò)去,好多學(xué)生不知道 英語(yǔ)的重要性。

            3) 構成否定祈使句,例如:

            Don't go there. 不要去那里。

            Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。

            說(shuō)明: 構成否定祈使句只用 do,不用 did 和 does。

            4) 放在動(dòng)詞原形前,加強該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣,例如:

            Do come to my birthday party. 一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì )。

            I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。

            I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。

            5) 用于倒裝句,例如:

            Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的事情。

            Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在開(kāi)始大學(xué)生活時(shí)我們才認識到英語(yǔ)的重要性。

            說(shuō)明: 引導此類(lèi)倒裝句的副詞有 never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。

            6) 用作代動(dòng)詞,例如:

            ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?

            ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do 用作代動(dòng)詞,代替 like Beijing.)

            He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?

            他知道如何開(kāi)車(chē),對吧?

            5.6 助動(dòng)詞 shall 和 will 的用法

            shall 和 will 作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構成一般將來(lái)時(shí),例如:

            I shall study harder at English.

            我將更加努力地學(xué)習英語(yǔ)。

            He will go to Shanghai.

            他要去上海。

            說(shuō)明:

            在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)法中,語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō) shall 用于第一人稱(chēng),will 只用于第二、第三人稱(chēng)?,F在,尤其是在口語(yǔ)中,will 常用于第一人稱(chēng),但 shall 只用于第一人稱(chēng),如用于第二、第三人稱(chēng),就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞,試比較:

            He shall come. 他必須來(lái)。(shall 有命令的意味。)

            He will come. 他要來(lái)。(will 只與動(dòng)詞原形構成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。)

            5.7 助動(dòng)詞 should 和 would 的用法

            1)should 無(wú)詞義,只是 shall 的過(guò)去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),只用于第一人稱(chēng),例如:

            I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

            我昨天給他打電話(huà),問(wèn)他我下周干什么。

            比較:

            "What shall I do next week?" I asked."我下周干什么?"我問(wèn)道。(可以說(shuō),shall 變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),變成了 should。)

            2) would 也無(wú)詞義,是 will 的過(guò)去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),用于第二、第三人稱(chēng),例如:

            He said he would come.

            他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。

            比較:

            "I will go," he said. 他說(shuō):"我要去那兒。"

            變成間接引語(yǔ),就成了:

            He said he would come.

            原來(lái)的 will 變成 would,go 變成了 come.。

            5.8 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

            動(dòng)詞加小品構成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語(yǔ)叫短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(Phrasal Verb)。例如:

            Turn off the radio. 把收音機關(guān)上。(turn off 是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)

            短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構成基本有下列幾種:

            1) 動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:black out;

            2) 動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:look into;

            3) 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統稱(chēng)為小品詞(Particle)。

            5.9 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

            在句子中充當除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式,動(dòng)名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)。

            

           

            否定形式:

            not +不定式, not + 動(dòng)名詞, not + 現在分詞

            6.動(dòng)名詞

            6.1 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)

            1)作主語(yǔ)

            Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

            南方與北方開(kāi)戰了。

            2)作賓語(yǔ)a. 動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)名詞 doing 作賓語(yǔ) V. + doing sth

            admit 承認

            appreciate 感激,贊賞

            avoid 避免

            complete 完 成

            consider 認 為

            delay 耽 誤

            deny 否 認

            detest 討 厭

            endure 忍受

            enjoy 喜歡

            escape 逃脫

            prevent 阻止

            fancy 想 象

            finish 完 成

            imagine 想 象

            mind 介 意

            miss 想 念

            postpone 推 遲

            practise 訓 練

            recall 回 憶

            resent 討 厭

            resist 抵抗

            resume 繼續

            risk 冒險

            suggest 建議

            face 面對

            include 包括

            stand 忍受

            understand 理解

            forgive 寬恕

            keep 繼續

            舉例:

            (1)

            Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

            (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.

            b. 詞組后接 doing

            admit to

            prefer…to

            be used to

            lead to

            devote oneself to

            object to

            stick to

            be busy

            look forward to (to 為介詞)

            no good,

            no use,

            It's worth…,

            as well as,

            can't help,

            It's no use /good

            be tired of

            be fond of

            be capable of

            be afraid of

            be proud of

            think of / about

            hold off

            put off

            keep on

            insist on

            count on / upon

            set about

            be successful in

            good at

            take up

            give up

            burst out

            prevent … from…

            3)作表語(yǔ)

            Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.

            6.2Worth 的用法

            worth,worthy,worth-while 都為 adj.

            意為"值得"。

            1. worth:

            be worth +

            n. 當名詞為金錢(qián)時(shí),表示"…… 值得……"

            be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"

            The question is not worth discussing again and again.

            2. worthy:be worthy of +n. 當名詞為抽象名詞時(shí)表示"……值得……"

            be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"

            The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

            3. worth-while:

            be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"

            worth while:

            It is worth while doing sth

            It is worth while sb to do sth.

            典型例題

            It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.

            A.worth

            B.worthy

            C.worth-while

            D.worth while

            答案 C. 由 worth 的用法可知,此句只適合詞組 be

            worth-while to do sth.。因此選 C。

            7 動(dòng)詞不定式

            7.1 不定式作賓語(yǔ)

            1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式

            afford

            aim

            appear

            agree

            arrange

            ask

            be

            decide bother

            care

            choose

            come

            dare

            demand desire

            determine

            expect

            elect

            endeavor

            hope

            fail

            happen

            help

            hesitate learn

            long

            mean

            manage

            offer

            ought

            plan

            prepare

            pretend

            promise

            refuse

            seem

            tend

            wait

            wish

            undertake

            舉例:

            The driver failed to see the other car in time.

            司機沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。

            I happen to know the answer to your question.

            我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。

            2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ;

            動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式

            ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

            I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

            I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。

            I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話(huà)。

            I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話(huà)。

            3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to

            decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find

            out, explain, tell

            Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。

            There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機,我都拿不定主意買(mǎi)哪一種。

            注意:疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數。

            The question is how to put it into practice.

            問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。

            7.2 不定式作補語(yǔ)

            1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)

            advise

            allow

            appoint

            believe

            cause

            challenge

            command

            compel

            consider

            declare

            drive

            enable

            encourage

            find

            forbid

            force

            guess

            hire

            imagine

            impel

            induce

            inform

            instruct

            invite

            judge

            know

            like

            order

            permit

            persuade

            remind

            report

            request

            require

            select

            send

            state

            suppose

            tell

            think

            train

            trust

            understand

            urge

            warn

            例句:

            a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。

            b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。

            Find 的特殊用法:

            Find 后可用分詞做賓補,或先加形式賓語(yǔ),再加形容詞,最后加帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find 后也可帶

            一個(gè)從句。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞還有 get,have。

            I found him lying on the ground.

            I found it important to learn.

            I found that to learn English is important.

            典型例題:

            The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.

            A. lying

            B. lie

            C. lay

            D. laying

            答案:A.find 的賓語(yǔ)后面,用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ),起賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)作用?,F在分詞表達主動(dòng),也表達正在進(jìn)行, 過(guò)去分詞表達被動(dòng)。

            2) to + be 的不定式結構,作補語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

            Acknowledge,

            believe,

            consider,

            think, declare(聲稱(chēng)),

            discover, fancy(設想), feel

            find, guess,

            judge,

            imagine,

            know,

            prove,

            see( 理 解 ), show,

            suppose,

            take(以為),

            understand

            We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

            我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。

            典型例題

            Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.

            A. to invent

            B. inventing

            C. to have invented

            D. having invented

            答案:A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí),不定式后用原形即可。而

            C 為現在完成時(shí),發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí),且此處也不強調對現在的影響,因此不選 C。

            3) to be +形容詞

            Seem,

            appear,

            be said,

            be supposed,

            be believed,

            be thought,

            be known,

            be reported,

            hope,

            wish,

            desire,

            want,

            plan,

            expect,

            mean…

            The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。

            4) there be+不定式

            believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

            We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì )有那么多人在哪里。

            注意 : 有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語(yǔ)做補語(yǔ),如 regard, think believe, take, consider.

            We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。

            Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。7.3 不定式主語(yǔ)

            1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

            easy,

            difficult,

            hard,

            important,

            possible,

            impossible,

            comfortable,

            necessary,

            better;

            the first,

            the next,

            the last,

            the best,

            too much,

            too little,

            not enough

            It's so nice to hear your voice.

            聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。

            It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

            當你不用車(chē)的時(shí)候,鎖車(chē)是有必要的。

            2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。

            Kind,

            nice,

            stupid,

            rude,

            clever,

            foolish,

            thoughtful,

            thoughtless,

            brave,

            considerate(考慮周到的),

            silly,

            selfish(自私的)

            例句:

            It was silly of us to believe

            him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

            It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西,這顯得太自私

            了。

            注意:1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如,look,appear 等也可用于此句型

            2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數形式。

            3) 當不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用 It is… to…的句型

            (對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。

            (錯)It is to believe to see.

            7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

            1)for sb.

            常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀(guān)形式的形容詞,如 easy, hard, difficult,

            interesting, impossible 等:

            It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。

            2)of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀(guān)感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

            It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我,你真是太好了。

            for 與 of 的辨別方法:

            用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ),用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ),造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用 of,不通則用 for。如:

            You are nice. (通順,所以應用 of)。

            7.5 不定式作表語(yǔ)

            不定式可放在 be 動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語(yǔ)。例如:

            My work is to clean the room every day.

            His dream is to be a doctor.

            7.6 不定式作定語(yǔ)

            不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如:

            I have a lot of work to do.

            So he made some candles to give light.7.7 不定式作狀語(yǔ)

            1)目的狀語(yǔ)

            To… only to (僅僅為了),

            in order to, so as

            to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

            He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

            他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。

            I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。

            2)作結果狀語(yǔ),表事先沒(méi)有預料到的,要放在句子后面。

            What have I said to make you angry.

            He searched the room only to find nothing.

            3) 表原因

            I'm glad to see you.

            典型例題

            The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

            A. sit

            B. sit on

            C. be seat

            D. be sat on

            答案:B.

            如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應有必要的介詞。當動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí),常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞

            不定式"結構的末尾。

            7.8 用作介詞的 to

            to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即 to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞:

            admit to 承認,

            confess to 承認,

            be accustomed to 習慣于,

            be used to 習慣于, stick to 堅持,

            turn to 開(kāi)始,著(zhù)手于, devote oneself to 獻身于,

            be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,

            pay attention to 注意

            7.9 省 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式

            1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

            ( 除 ought 外,ought to):

            2) 使役動(dòng)詞

            let, have, make:

            3) 感官動(dòng)詞

            see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補,

            省略 to。

            注意:在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則 to 不能省掉。

            I saw him dance.

            =He was seen to dance.

            The boss made them work the whole night.

            =They were made to work the whole night.

            4) would rather,had better:

            5) Why… / why not…:

            6) help 可帶 to,也可不帶 to, help sb (to) do sth:

            7) but 和 except:but 前是動(dòng)詞 do 時(shí),后面出現的動(dòng)詞用不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。

            8) 由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè) to 可以省去:

            9) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后,可以省去 to be:

            He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個(gè)好人。舉例:

            He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

            He wants to do nothing but go out.

            比較:

            He wants to do nothing but go out.

            He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

            典型例題

            1) ---- I usually go there by train.

            ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

            A. to try going

            B. trying to go

            C. to try and go

            D. try going

            答案:D.

            why not 后面接不帶 to 的不定式,因此選 D。

            2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___.

            He always works hard.

            A. learn

            B. to learn

            C. learned

            D. learning

            答案:B.

            make 后接不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,當其用于被動(dòng)時(shí),to 不可省略。

            7.10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式

            Tell him not to shut the window…

            She pretended not to see me when

            I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候,她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。

            7.11 不定式的特殊句型 too…to…

            1)too…to 太…以至于…

            He is too excited to speak.

            他太激動(dòng)了,說(shuō)不出話(huà)來(lái)。

            ---- Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?

            ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.

            不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。

            2) 如在 too 前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達肯定, too 后那個(gè)詞表達一種委婉含義,意 為"不太 "。

            It's never too late to mend. (諺語(yǔ))

            改過(guò)不嫌晚。

            3) 當 too 前面有 only, all, but 時(shí),意思是:非常… 等于 very。

            I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。

            He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

            7.12 不定式的特殊句型 so as to

            1) 表示目的;它的否定式是 so as not to do。

            Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.

            湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

            Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.

            輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。

            2) so kind as to ---勞駕

            Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕,現在幾點(diǎn)了。

            7.13 不定式的特殊句型 Why not

            "Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達向某人提出建議,翻譯為:"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"

            例如:

            Why not take a holiday?

            干嗎不去度假?

            7.14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

            

           

            1) 現在時(shí):一般現在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。

            He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見(jiàn)到你。

            2) 完成時(shí):表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。

            I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

            He seems to have caught a cold.

            3) 進(jìn)行時(shí):

            表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

            He seems to be eating something.

            4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí):

            She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.7.15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式

            8.特殊詞精講

            8.1stop doing/to do stop to do

            停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。

            stop doing 停止做某事。

            They stop to smoke a cigarette.

            他們停下來(lái),抽了根煙。

            I must stop smoking.

            我必須戒煙了。

            8.2forget doing/to do

            forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)

            forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。 (已做)

            The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.

            辦公室的燈還在亮著(zhù),它忘記關(guān)了。(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)

            He forgot turning the light off.

            他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。 ( 已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)

            Don't forget to come tomorrow.

            別忘了明天來(lái)。 (to come 動(dòng)作未做)

            8.3remember doing/to do

            remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)

            remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事 (已做)

            Remember to go to the post office after school.記著(zhù)放學(xué)后去趟郵局。

            Don't you remember seeing the man before?

            你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?

            8.4regret doing/to do

            regret to do 對要做的事遺憾。 (未做)

            regret doing 對做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。 (已做)

            I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.

            我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。

            I don't regret telling her what I thought.

            我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

            8.5cease doing/to do

            cease to do 長(cháng)時(shí)間,甚至永遠停做某事。

            cease doing 短時(shí)停止做某事,以后還會(huì )接著(zhù)做。

            That department has ceased to exist forever.

            那個(gè)部門(mén)已不復存在。

            The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.

            姑娘們在老師走過(guò)時(shí),停了會(huì )聊天。

            8.6try doing/to do try to do 努力,企圖做某事。

            try doing 試驗,試著(zhù)做某事。

            You must try to be more careful.

            你可要多加小心。

            I tried gardening but didn't succeed.

            我試著(zhù)種果木花卉,但未成功。

            8.7go on doing/to do

            go on to do 做了一件事后,接著(zhù)做另一件事。

            go on doing 繼續做原來(lái)做的事。

            After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.

            做完數學(xué)后,他接著(zhù)去做物理。

            Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.

            作完這個(gè)練習后,接著(zhù)做其他的練習

            8.8be afraid doing/to do

            be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀(guān)上的原因不去做,意為"怕";

            be afraid of doing 擔心出現 doing 的狀況、結果。 doing 是客觀(guān)上造成的,意為"生怕,恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.

            她生怕被蛇咬著(zhù),而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

            She was afraid to wake her husband.

            她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

            She was afraid of waking her husband.

            她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

            8.9be interested doing/to

            do interested to do 對做某事感興趣,想了解某事。

            interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣,doing 通常為想法。

            I shall be interested to

            know what happens.

            我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)

            I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?

            我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎?

            (一種想法)

            8.10mean to doing/to do

            mean to do 打算、想

            mean doing 意味著(zhù)

            I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.

            我想去,但是我父親不肯讓我去。

            To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.

            贈加工資意味著(zhù)增加購買(mǎi)力。

            8.11begin (start)doing/to do

            begin / start to do sth

            begin / start doing sth.

            1) 談及一項長(cháng)期活動(dòng)或開(kāi)始一種習慣時(shí),使用 doing.

            How old were you when you first started playing the piano?

            你幾歲時(shí)開(kāi)始彈鋼琴?

            2) begin, start 用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí),后面動(dòng)詞用不定式 to do

            I was beginning to get angry。

            我開(kāi)始生起氣來(lái)。

            3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start 后接 know,

            understand, realize 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞時(shí),常用不定式 to do。

            I begin to understand the truth。

            我開(kāi)始明白真相。

            4) 物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)

            It began to melt.

            8.12 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do

            感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

            表示動(dòng)作的完整性,真實(shí)性;+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續性,進(jìn)行性

            I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

            昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強調"我看見(jiàn)了"這個(gè)事實(shí))

            I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調"我見(jiàn)他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。

            9.分詞

            9.1 分詞作定語(yǔ)

            分詞前置

            We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日

            He is a retired worker.

            他是位退休的工人

            分詞后置

            (i.分詞詞組;ii. 個(gè)別分詞如 given, left; iii. 修飾不定代詞 something 等)

            There was a girl sitting there.

            有個(gè)女孩坐在那里

            This is the question given.

            這是所給的問(wèn)題

            There is nothing interesting.

            沒(méi)有有趣的東西

            過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) 與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,相當于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。

            Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.

            Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.

            9.2 分詞作狀語(yǔ)

            As I didn't receive any letter from him,

            I gave him a call.

            -> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.

            由于沒(méi)有收到他的信,我給他打了電話(huà)。

            If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.-> Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.

            假如多給些照顧,那些樹(shù)會(huì )長(cháng)得更好。

            9.3 連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))

            有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè),如:

            While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.

            waiting 和 saw 的主語(yǔ)相同。

            9.4 分詞作補語(yǔ)

            通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后,如:

            I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現我的車(chē)不見(jiàn)了。

            I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。

            9.5 分詞作表語(yǔ)

            現在分詞: 表示主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行

            過(guò)去分詞: 表示被動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成

            She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著(zhù)做飯,看上去有些疲倦。

            He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。

            9.6 分詞作插入語(yǔ)

            其結構是固定的,意思上的主語(yǔ)并不是句子的主語(yǔ)。

            generally speaking 一般說(shuō)來(lái)

            talking of (speaking of) 說(shuō)道

            strictly speaking 嚴格的說(shuō)

            judging from 從…判斷

            all things considered 從整體來(lái)看

            taking all things into consideration 全面看來(lái)

            Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。

            Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來(lái)說(shuō),狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 并不是 dogs 的動(dòng)作)

            9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)

            1)與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí),

            Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.

            聽(tīng)到這一消息,他高興得手舞足蹈。

            Arriving there, they found the boy dead.

            剛一到那兒,他們就發(fā)現那男孩死了。

            9.8 分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

            1)通常,現在分詞表示主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng),例如:

            He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…)

            他就是給你錢(qián)的那個(gè)人。

            He is the man stopped by the car.

            ( = who was stopped by…)

            他就是那個(gè)被車(chē)攔住的人。

            2)不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生

            gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned

            例: a well-read person.

            一個(gè)讀過(guò)許多書(shū)的人

            a much-travelled may 一個(gè)去過(guò)許多地方的人

            a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴

            10.獨立主格

            10.1 獨立主格(一): 獨立主格結構的構成:

            名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過(guò)去分詞;

            名詞(代詞)+形容詞;

            名詞(代詞)+副詞;

            名詞(代詞)+不定式;

            名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構成。

            (二) 獨立主格結構的特點(diǎn):

            1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同,它獨立存在。

            2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。

            3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開(kāi)。

            舉例:The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

            考試結束了,我們開(kāi)始放假。

            The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

            = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

            總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

            Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.

            如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。

            This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我們才回家。

            The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.

            會(huì )議結束后,每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。

            He came into the room, his ears red with cold.

            他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。

            He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.

            他夾著(zhù)本厚書(shū),走出了圖書(shū)館

            10.2With 的復合結構

            表伴隨時(shí),既可用分詞的獨立結構,也可用 with 的復合結構。 with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)

            1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問(wèn)題:

            當介詞是 in 時(shí),其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復數。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制

            A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand 前不能加 his)。

            2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),及物動(dòng)詞用現在分詞,不及物動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞。

            He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched,his eyes looking straight up.

            典型例題:

            Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

            A permitted

            B permitting

            C permits

            D for permitting

            答案 B. 本題中沒(méi)有連詞,它不是復合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號,且 we 小寫(xiě),可知其不

            是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或 with 的復合結構。據此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結構,其結構為:名詞+分詞。 由于 permit 在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動(dòng),應用現在分詞,故選 B。如果不會(huì )判斷獨立結構作狀語(yǔ)的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為 If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將 if 去掉,再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。

            11.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

            11.1 一般現在時(shí)的用法

            1)經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

            時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday

            I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

            2)客觀(guān)真理,客觀(guān)存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。

            The earth moves around the sun.

            Shanghai lies in the east of China.

            3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。

            注意:此用法如果出現在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現在時(shí)。

            例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

            4) 現在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。

            I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

            比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.

            第一句用一般現在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如:Now

            watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now 是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀(guān)狀況,所以后句用一般現在時(shí)。

            11.2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法1)在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

            時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。

            Where did you go just now?

            2)表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內,經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動(dòng)作。

            When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

            Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

            3)句型:

            It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"

            It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了"

            It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。

            It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。

            would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'

            I'd rather you came tomorrow.

            4) wish, wonder, think,

            hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí),作試探性的詢(xún)問(wèn)、請求、建議等。

            I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。

            比較:

            一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去,現已不復存在。

            Christine was an invalid all her life.

            (含義:她已不在人間。)

            Christine has been an invalid all her life.

            (含義:她現在還活著(zhù))

            Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

            (含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

            Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

            ( 含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)

            注意: 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現在,表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。

            1)動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。

            Did you want anything else?

            I wondered if you could

            help me.

            2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

            could, would.

            Could you lend me your bike?

            11.3used to / be used to

            used to + do:"過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。

            Mother used not to be so forgetful.

            Scarf used to take a walk.

            (過(guò)去常常散步)

            be used to + doing: 對……已感到習慣,或"習慣于",to 是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

            He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣于散步)

            11.4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

            1)

            shall 用于第一人稱(chēng),常被 will 所代替。

            will 在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng),在爭求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。

            Which paragraph shall I read first.

            Will you be at home at seven this evening?

            2) be going to +不定式,表示將來(lái)。

            a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖,即將做某事。

            What are you going to do tomorrow?

            b. 計劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。

            The play is going to be produced next month。

            c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事

            Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

            3) be +不定式表將來(lái),按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。

            We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

            4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。

            He is about to leave for Beijing.

            注意:be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

            11.5be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí),

            be going to 表將來(lái)

            will 表意愿

            If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

            Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

            11.6be to 和 be going to

            be to 表示客觀(guān)安排或受人指示而做某事。

            be going to 表示主觀(guān)的打算或計劃。

            I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀(guān)安排)

            I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀(guān)安排)

            11.7 一般現在時(shí)表將來(lái)

            1)下列動(dòng)詞:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般現在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示

            在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。

            The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

            When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

            2)倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,如:

            Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

            There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

            3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。

            When Bill comes (不是 will come), ask him to wait for me.

            I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

            4)在動(dòng)詞 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。

            I hope they have a nice time next week.

            Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

            11.8 用現在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)

            意為:"意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。

            I'm leaving tomorrow.

            Are you staying here till next week?

            11.9 現在完成時(shí)

            現在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài),其結果的確和現在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。其構成: have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。

            11.10 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現在完成時(shí)

            1)過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強調動(dòng)作;現在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強調過(guò)去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。

            2)過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

            一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

            this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately

            現在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

            不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            3)現在完成時(shí)可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續性的,如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

            過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續性動(dòng)詞有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。

            舉例:

            I saw this film yesterday. (強調看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

            I have seen this film. (強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經(jīng)知道了。)

            Why did you get up so early?(強調起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

            Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強調有卷子,可能為不公平競爭。)

            She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。

            She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。

            He has been in the League for three years. (在團內的狀態(tài)可延續)

            He has been a League member for three years. (是團員的狀態(tài)可持續)

            He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團,joined 為短暫行為。)

            I have finished my homework now.

            ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

            ---He's already been sent for.

            句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現在完成時(shí),要 用過(guò)去時(shí)。

            (錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

            (對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

            11.11 用于現在完成時(shí)的句型

            1)It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時(shí)。

            It is the first time that I have visited the city.

            It was the third time that the boy had been late.

            2)This is the… that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時(shí).

            This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

            這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。

            This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。

            典型例題

            (1) ---Do you know our town at all?

            ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

            A. was

            B. have been

            C. came

            D. am coming

            答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時(shí),故選 B。

            (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

            ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

            A. even, come

            B. even, have come

            C. ever, come

            D. ever, have come

            答案 D. ever 意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí),反意詞為 never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish

            I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,從句要用完成時(shí)。

            注意:非延續性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續的。

            (錯)I have received his letter for a month.(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

            11.12 比較 since 和 for

            Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續時(shí)間長(cháng)度。

            I have lived here for more than twenty years.

            I have lived here since I was born..

            My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

            Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

            I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.

            My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.

            I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

            注意:并非有 for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現在完成時(shí)。

            I worked here for more than twenty years.

            (我現在已不在這里工作。)

            I have worked here for many years.

            (現在我仍在這里工作。)

            小竅門(mén):

            當現在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間,這一結構中,我們用下面的公式轉化,很容易就能排除非延續

            動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。

            1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

            = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

            2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.

            = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

            顯然,第二句不對

            11.13since 的四種用法

            1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)

            (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。

            I have been here since 1989.

            2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago

            I have been here since five months ago.

            3) since +從句

            Great changes have taken place since you left.

            Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

            4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since 從句

            It is two years since I became a postgraduate

            student.

            11.14 延續動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞

            1)

            用于完成時(shí)的區別

            延續動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結

            果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

            He has completed the work.

            他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)

            I've known him since then.

            我從那時(shí)起就認識他了。(表經(jīng)歷)

            2)

            用于 till / until 從句的差異延續動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……"

            瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"

            He didn't come back until ten o'clock.

            他到 10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。

            He slept until ten o'clock.

            他一直睡到 10 點(diǎn)。

            11.15 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

            1) 概念:表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去

            

           

           2) 用法

            a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。

            She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

            b. 狀語(yǔ)從句

            在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

            When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

            c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表 示"原本…,未能…"

            We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

            3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

            He said that he had learned some English before.

            By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

            Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

            典型例題

            The students ___ busily when Miss Brown

            went to get a book she ___

            in the office.

            A. had written, left B,were writing, has left

            C. had written, had left D. were writing, had

            left

            答案 D. "把書(shū)忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書(shū)"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前,因此"忘了書(shū)"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的

            過(guò)去,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中 when 表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下,when 所引導的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此 前一句應用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。注意:

            had no … when 還沒(méi)等…… 就……

            had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……

            He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

            11.16 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

            1)

            兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強調先后,或用 then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

            When she saw the mouse,she screamed.

            My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

            2 )

            兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過(guò)去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

            When I heard the news, I was very excited.

            3)

            敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí),而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

            Our teacher told us

            that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

            11.17 將來(lái)完成時(shí)

            1) 構成 will / be going to do sth.

            2) 概念

            a.

            狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。

            b.

            動(dòng)作完成:表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗。

            They will have been married for 20 years by then.

            You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

            11.18 現在進(jìn)行時(shí)

            現在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:

            a.

            表示現在( 指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。

            We are waiting for you.

            b.

            習慣進(jìn)行:表示長(cháng)期的或重復性的動(dòng)作,說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。

            Mr. Green is writing another novel.

            (說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)并未在寫(xiě),只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。)

            She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

            c.

            表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。

            The leaves are turning red.

            It's getting warmer and warmer.

            d.

            與 always, constantly, forever

            等詞連用,表示反復發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō) 話(huà)人的主觀(guān)色彩。

            You are always changing your mind.

            典型例題

            My dictionary ___, I have

            looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

            A. has lost, don't find

            B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found

            D. is missing, haven't found.

            答案 D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續的狀態(tài),應用進(jìn)行時(shí),由于沒(méi)有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時(shí),瞬 間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。

            11.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞

            1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure,continue

            I have two brothers.

            This house belongs to my sister.

            2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

            Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need,

            forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate

            I need your help.

            He loves her very much.

            3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞

            accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.

            I accept your advice.

            4) 系動(dòng)詞

            seem, remain, lie, see, hear,

            11.20 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

            1) 概念:表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。

            2) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長(cháng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

            3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

            My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

            It was raining when they left the station.

            When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

            典型例題

            1)

            Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

            A. made

            B. is making

            C. was making

            D. makes

            答案 C.

            割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,應用過(guò)去時(shí)。同 時(shí),when 表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性,"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"

            提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

            11.21 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

            1) 概念:表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作,或按預測將來(lái)會(huì )發(fā)生的事情。

            She'll be coming soon.

            I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.注意:將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志",不能說(shuō) I'll be having a talk with her.

            2)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

            By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

            11.22 一般現在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

            時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,條件句中,從句用一般現在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

            When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

            He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨媽。

            11.23 一般現在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)

            1 )"書(shū)上說(shuō)","報紙上說(shuō)"等。

            The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.

            報紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì )很冷的。

            2) 敘述往事,使其生動(dòng)。

            Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

            11.24 一般現在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

            1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現在時(shí)代替完成時(shí):

            hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.

            I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

            I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

            2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"

            3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

            11.25 一般現在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

            1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現在時(shí)代替完成時(shí):

            hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.

            I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

            I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

            2)

            句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"

            3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

            11.26 一般現在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)

            1) 句型:Here comes… ; There goes…

            Look, here comes Mr. Li.

            11.27 現在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

            1) 表示即將發(fā)生的或預定中計劃好的活動(dòng)。

            Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?

            We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。

            2) 漸變動(dòng)詞,如:get, run, grow, become, begin 及 die。

            He is dying.

            11.28 時(shí)態(tài)一致

            1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí),則永遠用現在時(shí)。

            At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.

            He told me last week that he is eighteen.

            2) 賓語(yǔ)從句中的助動(dòng)詞 ought, need, must, dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。

            He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

            1.29 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

            一般現在時(shí) every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,

            一般過(guò)去時(shí) yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now

            一般將來(lái)時(shí) next…, tomorrow, in+時(shí)間,

            現在完成時(shí) for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently

            過(guò)去完成時(shí) before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as

            過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while

            將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

            12.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

            語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

            主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

            1)若賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)是不帶 to 的不定式,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí),該不定式前要加"to"。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞。

            feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch

            The teacher made me go out of the classroom.

            --> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).

            We saw him play football on the playground.

            --> He was seen to play football on the playground.

            2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過(guò)去分詞,構成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

            12.1Let 的用法

            1)當 let 后只有一個(gè)單音節動(dòng)詞,變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可用不帶 to 的不定式。

            They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.

            2) 若 let 后賓補較長(cháng)時(shí),let 通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而用 allow 或 permit 代替。

            The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.

            ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

            12.2 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

            短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。

            This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.

            My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.

            Such a thing has never been heard of before..

            12.3 表示"據說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組

            believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand

            It is said that… 據說(shuō)

            It is reported that… 據報道

            It is believed that… 大家相信

            It is hoped that… 大家希望

            It is well known that… 眾所周知

            It is thought that… 大家認為

            It is suggested that… 據建議

            It is taken granted that… 被視為當然

            It has been decided that… 大家決定

            It must be remember that…務(wù)必記住的是

            It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.

            12.4 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況

            1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):

            appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true,

            fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.

            After the fire, very little remained of my house.

            比較: rise, fall, happen 是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise, seat 是及物動(dòng)詞。

            (錯)

            The price has been risen.

            (對) The price has risen.

            (錯) The accident was happened last week.

            (對) The accident happened last week.

            (錯) The price has raised.

            (對) The price has been raised.

            要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習過(guò)程中多留意積累。

            2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):

            fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

            This key just fits the lock.

            Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

            3) 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):

            appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

            It sounds good.

            4) 帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):

            die, death, dream, live, life

            She dreamed a bad dream last night.

            5) 當賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

            (對) She likes to swim.

            (錯) To swim is liked by her.

            12.5 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

            1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…

            The book sells well.

            這本書(shū)銷(xiāo)路好。

            This knife cuts easily.

            這刀子很好用。

            2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build

            I was to blame for the accident.

            Much work remains.

            3) 在 need, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve 后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。

            The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.

            This room needs cleaning. 這房間應該打掃一下。

            This book is worth reading. 這本書(shū)值得一讀。

            4) 特殊結構:make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己),have sth. done ( 要某

            人做某事)。

            12.6 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主動(dòng)意義

            be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries

            He is graduated from a famous university.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。

            注意: 表示同某人結婚,用 marry sb. 或 get married to sb. 都可。

            He married a rich girl.

            He got married to a rich girl.

            12.7need/want/require/worth

            注意:當 need, want, require, worth(形容詞)后面接 doing 也可以表示被動(dòng)。

            Your hair wants cutting. 你的頭發(fā)該理了。

            The floor requires washing.

            地板需要沖洗。

            The book is worth reading.

            這本書(shū)值得一讀。

            13.句子的種類(lèi)

            (一)按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。

            1) 陳述句(Declarative Sentences):說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。

            Light travels faster than sound. 光比聲速度快。 (說(shuō)明事實(shí))

            The film is rather boring. 這部電影很乏味。 (說(shuō)明看法)

            2) 疑問(wèn)句(Interrogative Sentences):提出問(wèn)題。有以下四種:

            a. 一般疑問(wèn)句(General Questions):

            Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎?

            b. 特殊疑問(wèn)句(W Questions; H Questions):

            Where do you live? 你住那兒?

            How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?

            c. 選擇疑問(wèn)句(Alternative Questions):

            Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡?

            d. 反意疑問(wèn)句(Tag-Questions):

            He doesn't know her, does he? 他不認識她,對不對?

            3) 祈使句(Imperative

            Sentences):提出請求,建議或發(fā)出命令,例如:

            Sit down, please. 請坐。

            Don't be nervous! 別緊張!

            4) 感嘆句(Exclamatory

            Sentences):表示說(shuō)話(huà)人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒,例如:

            What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!

            (二)句子按其結構可以分為以下三類(lèi):

            1) 簡(jiǎn)單句(Simple Sentences):只包含一個(gè)主謂結構句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句,例如:

            

           

            2) 并列句(Compound Sentences):包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結構的句子叫并列句,句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來(lái)連接,例如:

            

           

            3) 復合句(Complex Sentences):包含一個(gè)主句從句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復合句,從句由從屬 連詞引導,例如:

            

           

            (三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英語(yǔ)中千變萬(wàn)化的句子歸根結底都是由以下五種基本句型 組合、擴展、變化而來(lái)的:

            1)主 + 動(dòng)(SV)例如:

            I work. 我工作。

            2)主 + 動(dòng) + 表(SVP)例如:

            John is busy. 約翰忙。

            3)主 + 動(dòng) + 賓(SVO)例如:

            She studies English. 她學(xué)英語(yǔ)。

            4)主 + 動(dòng) + 賓 + 補(SVOC)例如:

            Time would prove me right. 時(shí)間會(huì )證明我是對的。

            5)主 + 動(dòng) + 間賓 + 直賓(SVOiOd)例如:

            My mother made me a new dress. 我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。

            13.1 句子的種類(lèi)

            祈使句用以表達命令,要求,請求,勸告等。

            1) 祈使句有兩種類(lèi)型,一種是以動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭,在動(dòng)詞原形之前加 do (但只限于省略第二人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)的句 子)。

            Take this seat.

            Do be careful.

            否定結構:

            Don't move.

            Don't be late.

            2) 第二種祈使句以 let 開(kāi)頭。

            Let 的反意疑問(wèn)句

            a. Let's 包括說(shuō)話(huà)者

            Let's have another try,shall we / shan't we?

            = Shall we have another try?

            b. Let us 不包括說(shuō)話(huà)者

            Let us have another try,will you / won't you?

            = Will you please let us have another try?

            否定結構:

            Let's not talk of that matter.

            Let us not talk of that matter

            13.2 感嘆句結構

            感嘆句通常有 what, how 引導,表示贊美、驚嘆、喜 悅、等感情。

            what 修飾名詞,how 修飾形容詞,副詞或動(dòng)詞,感嘆句結構主要有以下幾種:

            掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感嘆句的重點(diǎn)。

            How +形容詞+ a +名詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序

            How+形容詞或副詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序

            What +名詞+陳述語(yǔ)序

            What+a+形容詞+名詞+陳述語(yǔ)序

            What+ 形容詞+復數名詞+陳述語(yǔ)序

            What+ 形容詞+不可數名詞+陳述語(yǔ)序

            How clever a boy he is!

            How lovely the baby is!

            What noise they are making!

            What a clever boy he is!

            What wonderful ideas (we have)!

            What cold weather it is!

            感嘆句的省略形式為:

            What a clever boy (he is)!

            典型例題

            1)___ food you've cooked!

            A. How a nice

            B. What a nice

            C. How nice

            D. What nice

            答案 D.

            由于 How 修飾形容詞,副詞;what 修飾名詞。且 food 為不可數名詞,因此 A,B 排除。C How

            + adj. 后面不能再加名詞,因此只有 D 正確,其句型為 What + adj. +n. (不可數)

            2)___terrible weather we've been having these days!

            A. What

            B. What a

            C. How

            D. How a

            答案 A.

            weather 為不可數名詞,B,D 排除。C 為 how + adj. 后面不應有名詞。只有 A,符合句型

            What +形容詞+不可數名詞。

            3) --- _____ I had!--- You really suffered a lot.

            A. What a time

            B. What time

            C. How a time

            D. how time

            答案 A.

            感嘆句分兩類(lèi):

            1:What + n.+主謂部分

            2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主謂部分。本題屬第一種,但省略了 bad,相對于 What a bad time I had! 這是個(gè)習慣用語(yǔ)。

            13.3 強調句結構

            ??嫉膹娬{句結構是 it 引導的句子。

            It is (was) 被強調部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。

            此結構強調的成分僅限于主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。

            It is from the sun that we get light and heat.

            It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.

            典型例題

            1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.

            A. the time

            B. when

            C. that

            D. which

            答案 C. 強調句的結構是: It +be +強調部分 + that (who) + 主謂句。

            強調句的連詞只有兩個(gè), that 和 who。當強調的部分是人,且為句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí),才用 "who",其余用 that。

            原句: My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

            強調主語(yǔ):

            It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

            強調賓語(yǔ):

            It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

            強調時(shí)間:

            It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不 用 when)

            強調地點(diǎn):

            It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

            2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.

            A. that

            B. when

            C. since

            D. as

            答案 C. 考點(diǎn)是連詞用法。 本題易誤選為 A. that. 其實(shí)本句不是強調句。若是,去掉 It be… that

            還應是一個(gè)完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下 ten years Miss Green returned to Canada.

            不成句。因此本句不是強調句。

            It is /was +時(shí)間+ since… 其中 is<---> has been was <---> had been.

            13.4 用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強調

            強調句還有一種類(lèi)型,就是用助動(dòng)詞 do (did,does) 強調謂語(yǔ)。

            She does like this horse. 她的確喜歡這匹馬。

            Please do take care of yourself. 千萬(wàn)保重。

            13.5 反意疑問(wèn)句

            1) 陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是 I,疑問(wèn)部分要用 aren't I.

            I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?

            2) 陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)是 wish,疑問(wèn)部分要用 may +主語(yǔ)。

            I wish to have a word with you, may I?

            3) 陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等否定含義的詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定含義。

            The Swede made no answer, did he / she?

            Some plants never blown (開(kāi)花), do they ?

            4) 含有 ought to 的反意疑問(wèn)句,陳述部分是肯定的,疑問(wèn)部分用 shouldn't / oughtn't +主語(yǔ)。

            He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?

            5) 陳述部分有 have to +v. (had to + v.),疑問(wèn)部分常用 don't +主語(yǔ)(didn't +主語(yǔ))。

            We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

            6) 陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)是 used to 時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用 didn't +主語(yǔ)或 usedn't +主語(yǔ)。

            He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?

            7) 陳述部分有 had better + v. 疑問(wèn)句部分用 hadn't you?

            You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?

            8) 陳述部分有 would rather +v.,疑問(wèn)部分多用 wouldn't +主語(yǔ)。

            He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?

            9) 陳述部分有 You'd like to +v. 疑問(wèn)部分用 wouldn't +主語(yǔ)。

            You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

            10) 陳述部分有 must 的疑問(wèn)句,疑問(wèn)部分根據實(shí)際情況而定。

            He must be a doctor, isn't he?

            You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?

            He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?

            11) 感嘆句中,疑問(wèn)部分用 be +主語(yǔ)。

            What colures, aren't they?

            What a smell, isn't it?

            12) 陳述部分由 neither… nor, either… or 連接的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分根據其實(shí)際邏輯意義而定。

            Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?

            13) 陳述部分主語(yǔ)是指示代詞或不定代詞 everything, that, nothing, this, 疑問(wèn)部分主語(yǔ)用 it。

            Everything is ready, isn't it?

            14) 陳述部分為主語(yǔ)從句或并列復合句,疑問(wèn)部分有三種情況:

            a. 并列復合句疑問(wèn)部分,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據鄰近從句的謂語(yǔ)而定。

            Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?

            b. 帶有定語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復合句,疑問(wèn)部分謂語(yǔ)根據主句的謂語(yǔ)而定:

            He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?

            He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

            c. 上述部分主句謂語(yǔ)是 think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引導的定語(yǔ)從句,疑問(wèn)部分與 賓語(yǔ)從句相對應構成反意疑問(wèn)句。

            I don't think he is bright, is he?

            We believe she can do it better, can't she?

            15) 陳述部分主語(yǔ)是不定代詞 everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one 等,疑問(wèn)部分常用復數 they,有時(shí)也用單數 he。

            Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)

            Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 dare 或 need 的反意疑問(wèn)句,疑問(wèn)部分常用 need (dare ) +主語(yǔ)。

            We need not do it again, need we ?

            He dare not say so, dare you?

            當 dare, need 為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用助動(dòng)詞 do + 主語(yǔ)。

            She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

            17) 省去主語(yǔ)的祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句,疑問(wèn)部分用 will you。

            Don't do that again, will you?

            Go with me, will you / won't you ?

            注意: Let's 開(kāi)頭的祈使句,后用 shall we?

            Let us 開(kāi)頭的祈使句,后用 will you?

            Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?

            Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

            18) 陳述部分是"there be"結構的,疑問(wèn)部分用 there 省略主語(yǔ)代詞。

            There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?

            There will not be any trouble, will there?

            19) 否定前綴不能視為否定詞,其反意疑問(wèn)句仍用否定形式。

            It is impossible, isn't it?

            He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

            20) must 在表"推測"時(shí),根據其推測的情況來(lái)確定反意疑問(wèn)句。

            He must be there now, isn't he?

            It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?

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